International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability

Exploring the Prospects of Different Activated Charcoal Systems as Low-Cost Materials for Upgrading Groundnut Oil into Biodiesel

Ahmad Galadima, Mubarak Abubakar, Aminu Muhammad Lawal, Rilwanu Muhammad — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The escalations in fuel consumption associated with rapid growth in human population and industrialization has accounted for consistent interest in search for alternative fuel sources. Valorization of biomass feedstock for fuels and chemicals production is one of those approaches given priority. In line with this global perspective, the current study investigated the prospects of different modified charcoal catalysts (i.e. H-C, Na-C and Cr – C) for biodiesel production from groundnut oil. One important noticeable feature was the possible creation of adequate surface for reactants adsorption-desorption over the developed catalysts. Specifically, the catalyst H-C formed from H₂SO₄modification of charcoal was very active and yielded up to 95.70% methyl esters (i.e. biodiesel) and was stable for several reaction cycles. The overall activity of the catalysts followed the trend H-C> Na-C> Cr – C. Similarly, the produced biodiesel exhibited properties that were in good agreement with those reported in international databases for fuel specifications.

Some Basic Properties of The Identity-Commuting Graph of Multigroups

Magami, S. M., Ibrahim, M., Ashafa, S. U., Gana Abubakar — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Multigroups are generalization of groups which are based on the multiset structure in which repetition of elements are allowed. The multisets were introduced to remedy the handicap idea of the classical set which does not allow repetitions of elements. In this paper, we study the multigroup G structure through its associated identity-commuting graph Γ_ic(G) which is a simple graph whose vertices V (Γ_ic(G)) are the elements of the multigroup G and two distinct vertices x and y are adjacent if and only if xy = yx = e and e is adjacent to all vertices of the graph, where e is the identity element. Some basic properties of this graph were studied which include: vertex degree, size, connectedness, completeness among others. It was shown that the graph is connected but not complete and condition for completeness was obtained.

Performance Evaluation of Machine Learning Models for Crop Yield Prediction

Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Agriculture, a fundamental pillar of worldwide sustenance, greatly benefits from precise yield projections, which provide effective allocation of resources and well-informed decision-making. This work focuses on the crucial task of predicting agricultural yields by conducting a thorough comparative examination of several machine-learning models. The examined models include Linear Regression, Random Forest, Extreme Gradient Boost (XGBoost), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Decision Tree, and Bagging Regressor. The results demonstrate subtle variations in performance, with Linear Regression highlighting constraints in its ability to make accurate predictions. Ensemble approaches, namely: Random Forest and XGBoost, demonstrate remarkable accuracy, achieving almost 97% and R² ratings. This highlights their ability to effectively capture complex agricultural patterns. The findings of this research provide valuable suggestions for professionals in agriculture and machine learning, making it easier to choose reliable models for predicting crop yields. It is also recommended to optimize Random Forest and XGBoost for accurate production predictions in practical agricultural scenarios. Future studies may focus on using sophisticated optimization approaches and incorporating specialized domain knowledge to enhance the precision of agricultural production prediction.

Bi-dual and Reflexivity of Cone Normed Space

Anas Yusuf, Musa Kallamu — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A cone normed space is one of the generalizations of normed space in which the codomain of normed space is replaced by an ordered real Banach space. In this paper, some properties of the dual, in particular bi-dual in the setting of cone normed space were studied. This allows us to define the notion of reflexivity with respect to cone normed space and proved the necessary and sufficient condition for a cone normed space to be reflexive.

In vivo Anti-trypanosomal activity of aqueous extract of Ipomea batatas leaves

Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The potential of an aqueous extract of Ipomea batatas leaves to exhibit anti-trypanosomal action in vivo was studied. Rats infected with 10⁴Trypanosoma brucei brucei/ml were treated experimentally with extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight beginning on day 5 after infection. At the end of the study period, on day ten post-infection, the treated rats showed little parasitaemia. The extract exhibited inhibitory activity of 89.29 and 95.53% at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight respectively. The study findings indicate that leaf extract has dose-dependent anti-trypanosomal efficacy.

Unsteady Magnetohydrodynamic (Mhd) Free Convective Isothermal Vertical Plate in A Porous Medium with Radiation Effect

Muhammad N.S., Abubakar I., Yale I.D. — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Unsteady MHD free convention isothermal vertical plate in a porous medium with radiation effect has been studied numerically. Implicit finite different technique is use as the main tool for the numerical approach. Numerical solutions for the effects of radiation on a MHD convective heat transfer past a semi-infinite porous plate with a magnetic field are obtained. It is assumed that the porous plate moves with a constant velocity in the direction of fluid flow, and the free stream velocity follows the exponentially increasing small numerical law. The magnetic field acts perpendicular to the porous surface which absorbs the fluid with a suction velocity varying with time. The governing equations for the flow are transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations by implicit finite difference technique and then are solved numerically by using the numerical method. "A representative set of computational results for the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles as well as Local skin-friction coefficient, Local Nusselt number and Local Sherwood number are presented graphically for various governing parameters such as Magnetic parameter, Reynolds number, Ecart, Schmidt number, and Kinamatics. In the present analysis various comparisons with previously published work are performed and the results are found to be in a good agreement.

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Convective Flow through a Porous Medium with Magnetic and Chemical Reaction Characteristics

Salisu Saleh, Nazir Saad, Omokhuale Emmanuel — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this analysis, MHD convective flow in a porous medium with magnetic and chemical reaction characteristics were examined. We modeled the governing Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) in dimensional form viz: continuity, momentum, energy and mass. Furthermore, using suitable dimensionless quantities they were transformed and Finite Difference Method (FDM) was employed to deduce approximations for the velocity, temperature and concentration. Numerical experiments were conducted to study and explain the influence of parameters of physical interest associated with the fluid flow. It is found that the concentration and velocity of the fluid rise with increase in negative values of chemical reaction and an opposite trend was seen when increased with positive values. It is also exhibited that the momentum boundary layer becomes lower as the Hartman number becomes significant.

Ground Magnetic Profiling for Delineating Ore & Marble Deposits Within Okpella, Southern Nigeria

Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Ground magnetic profiling was deployed to delineate the occurrences of ore and marble minerals within the study area, Okpella, Edo state, Southern Nigeria. Air borne magnetic survey data (Aeromagnetic) was processed and used to identify zones with magnetic anomalies and obtain the lineament of the area. This was tied to the geological mapping data in order to determine best traverse lines. Ground Magnetic data capturing was conducted in the East-West direction, perpendicular to marble strike direction. Geological and Total magnetic intensity (TMI) maps were generated using Arc GIS and Oasis Montaj software respectively. Structural interpretation of the study area defined twenty two (22) major fault systems, dominantly in the direction, Northeast (NE) - Southwest (SW) and Northwest (NW) – Southeast (SE) as well as minor faults, fractures and folds. Geologic mapping and magnetic survey information defined three (3) geological formations namely; the migmatite gneiss – quartzite (MGQ), granite gneiss (GG), meta-volcanics with mafic intrusive rocks (MVM). Migmatite gneiss- quartzite - Tertiary age Alluvium (MGQ) is characterized with negative magnetic susceptibility ranging from -305.4 nT to -33.4 nT, indicative of destruction of magnetic minerals resulting from the increase in temperature during post orogenic activities. Granite gneiss showed intermediate magnetic susceptibility ranging from -33.5 nT to 85.5 nT, while the meta-volcanic and mafic intrusive (MVM) rock units show high magnetic susceptibility >85.5 nT. Marble deposits targets occurred within granite gneiss - meta-volcanic - mafic intrusive contacts within the study area. The interpreted alteration zones, structures and geology are path finders of marble zones in the migmatite-gneiss-schist-quartzite complex. Marble bodies thickness ranges from 1.63 – 16.2 m for shallow deposits and >16.2 for deeper deposits and an average lateral extent of 20.75 m. It is recommended that core drilling be carried out to validate the findings of the ground geophysical survey.

Justicia Carnea Dyes: Extraction, Characterization, Application and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity on Cotton Fabric

Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims at extracting natural dyes from fresh and dried leaves of Justicia carnea. Application of the aqueous extracts of these leaves on fabrics with mordants (cobalt chloride and lime) and without mordants at a dyeing temperature of 80⁰C was carried out using pre-mordanting, simultaneous- mordanting and post- mordanting processes. The extracts show a good antimicrobial activity to bacteria and fungi. The improvement in fastness properties of the dyed cotton fabrics to rubbing and perspiration showed that mordants as well as mordanting methods have influence on colour efficiency. The FTIR and UV spectroscopy analysis of the dyes revealed some important peaks and functional groups related to colour formation. The phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, steroids and phenols in the fresh and dried samples. This research work reported a successful extraction of ecofriendly dyes from Justicia carnea that can meet the current yearning for industrial development in the developing countries of the world where biosources materials from nature abounds in large quantities.

Isolation and Characterization of Some Methoxylated Flavones from Centaurea perrottetii D. C. (Asteraceae)

Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Centaurea perrottetii, which is commonly known as star thistle, belongs to the compositae family and it is used in traditional medicine to treat malaria, microbial infections among others. This study aimed to isolate and characterize compounds from the whole plant of C. perrottetii. The whole plant extract of Centaurea perrottetii was collected, dried, pulverized and extracted with methanol using maceration method. The extract was concentrated in vacuo with the aid of rotary evaporator to afford a greenish crude methanol extract (CME). The extract was successively partitioned into hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and n-butanol fractions respectively. These fractions were subjected to preliminary phytochemical investigation using standard procedures. A combination of silica gel and sephadex LH-20 column chromatography was employed which led to the isolation of two methoxylated flavones, 8,4'-dihydroxy-6,7,3'-trimethoxyflavone and 3',4'-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone, from the ethylacetate soluble fraction of the methanol extract of the whole plant of Centaurea perrottetii. The identity of the compounds was determined via chemical tests, spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with existing data in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of these compounds from the whole plant of C. perrottetii.

Effects Of Viscous Dissipative Fluid on Couette Flow in A Vertical Channel Due to Newtonian Heating

B.U. Isa, I. D. Yale, M. N. Sarki, M. M. Hamza. — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This article presents the numerical investigation of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) heat transfer flow of viscous dissipation in vertical channel in the presence of Newtonian heating. The coupled nonlinear dimensional partial differential equations governing the flow are converted into non-dimensional form by using the appropriate dimensionless quantities and parameters Implicit Finite Difference Method (IFMD) was employed in finding the solutions of dimensionless partial differential equations. The expressions of velocity, temperature, skin friction and Nusselt number were obtained numerically and discussed using line graphs. From the outcome of the results, it was concluded that rising the Newtonian heating parameter (γ), Brinkman number (Br), lead to a substantial growth of velocity and temperature. Similarly, as the, Grashof number (Gr) increases, the velocity of the fluid also gets increased. The skin friction gets enlarged with the increase of Grashof number (Gr), Newtonian heating parameter (γ), Brinkman number (Br) and time at .The Nusselt number gets reduced with the increase in Newtonian heating parameter (γ), Brinkman number, and time parameter at and increases at .

Common Avian Diseases Diagnosed in Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria: A Ten Year (2012–2021) Retrospective Study

Mungadi, H. U., Garba, S., Jimoh. A. A., Nasir, U.F. — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A ten-year (2012-2021) retrospective study on clinical records of avian diseases presented at the Avian Unit of Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto (VTH UDUS) was conducted. A total of 1,990 cases were recorded. Years 2016 and 2020 recorded the highest number of diseases (310 cases, 15.5%) and lowest number of diseases (27 cases, 1.4%) respectively. On age groups, young birds had 1,361 cases (68.4%) while adult birds had 629 cases (31.6%).Infectious diseases accounted for 1,570 cases (78.9%) while 420 cases (21.1%) were non-infectious diseases. The highest prevalence among the infectious diseases was viral diseases and accounted for 743 cases (47.3%) followed by bacterial diseases 567 cases (36.1%), parasitic diseases 242 cases (15.4%) and fungal diseases 18 cases (1.2%). Among the viral diseases, Avian pox was the most recorded disease 372 cases (50.1%), Aspergillosis was the most prevalent fungal disease with 12 cases (66.7%), while Colibacillosis was the most common bacterial disease with 198 cases (34.9%). Lousiness was the most common parasitic disease with 106 cases (43.8%). With 128 cases (30.4%), heat stress was the most prevalent non-infectious condition. Turkeys were the most recorded types of bird (46.2%), while parrots were the least recorded (0.4%). Poor management may be responsible for distribution pattern of cases recorded in the hospital. Birds owners should always consider good management through consulting veterinarians and there should also be periodic assessment of case records in the VTH in order to have regular updates on level of patronage of the hospital and pattern of occurrence of different diseases.

Mathematical Modelling and The Transmission Dynamic of The Ebola Disease with Hospitalised Treatment

Ali Inalegwu Michael, Washachi Dekera Jacob, Aliyu Garga Dzarma — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The model is governed by a system of five ordinary differential equations namely: five compartments namely: the susceptible (S), Exposed (E), Infected (I), Hospitalized (H), and Recovery (R). The model was analyzed to find the global stability, reproduction number, bifurcation, endemic equilibrium, and disease-free equilibrium. The analysis's findings show that the bifurcation displays reverse bifurcation. There is now global asymptotic stability in the system. Based on numerical simulations of the model, it was found that the first week of the outbreak was when Ebola was most common. But as safety precautions were put in place, it gradually decreased. It is significant to remember that in order to avoid a relapse into the original high levels, treatment is required. The contaminated compartment remained high throughout the first five weeks of the outbreak, but with the right therapy, it began to diminish. Due to drug experimenting, the hospitalized compartment saw a large number of patients during the first week. Nonetheless, it kept declining with the right medication administration. The recovery section illustrates that prompt identification and appropriate care are essential for each person to recover from Ebola.

D-Optimal Mixture Design Applications in the Assessment of Mineral and Antinutritional Contents of Amaranth-Based Blends

Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Malnutrition is becoming more endemic especially in war-ton and highly deprived area of Africa. The amaranth, pumpkin and sunflower flour seed were cleaned, sorted, milled and defatted to obtain defatted flour samples. The amaranth, pumpkin and sunflower seeds were cleaned, sorted, milled and defatted using n-hexane. Optimization of the production of composite flour from defatted amaranth, sorghum, defatted pumpkin and defatted sunflower flour using D-optimal mixture design of Design Expert software with the levels for amaranth (40-60 %), sorghum (10-30 %), pumpkin (20-40 %), and sunflower flour (3-10 %), respectively was carried out. Using D-optimal design, Fourteen (14) runs were generated and the blends were analyzed for mineral composition (sodium, potassium, iron, calcium, and phosphorus) and anti-nutritional factors (phytate, tannin, oxalate, saponin and trypsin), respectively. The response variables were modeled using a linear regression equation. The mineral composition ranged from 5.50-9.82, 335.01-340.84, 10.80-12.15, 73.56-89.16, and 276.82-284.90 mg/100g for sodium, potassium, iron, calcium, and phosphorus. Phytate and tannin content ranged from 0.1-0.22 and 2.70-2.90 mg/100g, respectively. The linear model terms for both mineral and antinutritional factors were significant (p £ 0.05). In conclusion, composite flour from amaranth, sorghum, pumpkin and sunflower flour have substantial mineral profile and controlled antinutritional factors and therefore can be used in the development of nutrient-densed food product such as snack.

Free Convective MHD Flow of Jeffrey Fluid in a Porous Medium in the Presence of Heat Source/Sink

Aisha Umar Dakin-Gari, N. M. Sarki, M. M. Hamza, S. M. Dakin-Gari, I. D. Yale — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The heat and mass transfer being a driving force in MHD oscillatory free convective flow has been a subject of many studies due to the increasing demand associated with transport processes, existing in nature and industrial application. This study is carried out to investigate an effect of heat and mass transfer on unsteady MHD free convective flow of Jeffrey fluid through porous medium in the presence of heat source. The dimensional governing equations were solved by perturbation technique. The solution for the flow characteristics of velocity, temperature and concentration was obtained. The influence of different parameters such as: thermal Grashof number, mass Grashof number, Jeffrey parameter and heat source/sink, Peclet number for heat and mass transfer ), and radiation parameter were investigated on the flow fields and presented graphically. The fluid velocity decreases with increase in Hartmann number (H). It is found that mass transfer rate increases with increase in Peclet number ). It is noticed that rate of mass diffusion decreases with increase in chemical reaction parameter (K). In addition, the temperature profiles depicted that an increase as the values of heat source/sink parameter , heat transfer Peclet number ), and radiation parameter (N) increases respectively.v

Structural Styles and Hydrocarbon Trapping Mechanisms Onshore and Offshore, Niger Delta

Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A three-dimensional (3D) seismic Data and well log Data from two oil fields (Onshore Field and Offshore Field) were obtained and analyzed with Techlog and Petrotech software in order to attempt the structural styles and Hydrocarbon trapping mechanisms onshore and offshore fields. Suites of Well logs of the two fields were interpreted and appropriate reservoir bodies were characterized. The well log petrophysical analysis revealed three reservoirs in onshore and three reservoir in offshore which cut across four (4) wells respectively. Average reservoir parameters for the onshore such as porosity 30.01% and hydrocarbon saturation 64.33% with average thickness of 26.52m while the offshore average reservoir parameters such as porosity 28% and hydrocarbon saturation 77.67% with average thickness of 10m were derived from petrophysical analysis. A total of three horizons and seven faults were mapped on the onshore seismic sections that indicated faulted anticlines, listric fault, growth fault, synthetic and antithetic fault were closely observed. While three horizons were mapped on the offshore seismic section that indicates back-to-back structures. The structural maps showed that the major structures accommodating the Hydrocarbon in both fields are fault assisted closure, four way closures and growth faults. The trapping mechanisms were identified to be fault dependent. The root-mean-square (RMS) amplitude surface maps reveal sections with bright spot anomalies. The amplitude anomalies served as direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHIs). Seismic-to-well ties shows the top of the Hydrocarbon bearing sand unit lie on top of the well on the seismic section in the field.

Production And Process Optimization of Biolubricant from Neem Seed Oil

Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The current work investigates the conversion of neem seed oil to biolubricant. Furthermore, calcium oxide was prepared from egg shell by calcination and activated with phosphuric acid solution. The activated calcium oxide produced was characterized using FT-IR and TGA. The neem seed oil was transesterified using methanol over activated calcium oxide derived from egg shell as catalyst to produce methyl esters (biodiesel), which was again transestrified with trimethylolpropane (TMP) under reflux at different reaction conditions to produce the target biolubricant and characterized using FT-IR and GC-MS. using the same activated calcium oxide prepared from egg shell as catalyst. Optimization of process parameters for tranesterification of neem seed oil was determined by Response surface based on Box-Beinkhen design. The optimum yield of the biolubricnat (79.60%) was achieved at the temperature, catalyst dose and reaction time of 150 ⁰C, 0.75%wt and 3 hours respectively.

Mathematical Model on The Dynamics of Corruption Menace with Control Strategies

A. Alhassan, A. A. Momoh, S. A. Abdullahi, M. Abdullahi — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this study, we create a mathematical model of corruption dynamics that includes containment measures to stop the threat from spreading. We calculate the model's corruption-free equilibrium's basic reproduction number and stabilities. In order to maximize the number of incorruptible and honest persons while minimizing the dynamics of the threat, the model employed two control strategies: a public education campaign and the incarceration of those found guilty. Using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle (PMP), we determine the prerequisites for the best course of action for limiting the infection's spread. The numerical simulation that demonstrated the potential of control measures in preventing the dynamics of corruption in society from spreading was conducted using Runge-Kutta of order four.

‘Mini Review’ on the Nigeria’s Blue Economic Sector: An Alternative for Economic Diversification

Lukman Bello, Abubakar Abdullahi Bichi — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The concept of blue economy encourages the preservation of the marine ecosystem while promoting the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth and development. The relevance of the blue economy and its impact on Nigeria's economy are emphasized in this article. It talked about the potential for the blue economy in the nation, which, if properly developed, could completely change the country by lowering imports and supplying new sources of income. Nigeria has a plethora of opportunities in the blue economy, but the country hasn't been able to fully realize its enormous potential due to a lack of proper attention to the sector from public and private organizations, weak technology, and an inadequate legal and institutional framework. It is concluded that making the best use of Nigeria's blue economy resources could assist solve a number of the nation's socioeconomic issues in addition to creating a path for diversification.

Mathematical Comparative study of Nigeria’s Northern and Southern Population Growth for Equitable Resource Allocation and Holistic National Development

Michael A. Uko, Joseph Adikwu, Friday Adejoh — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Nigeria is one of the developing countries having a humongous population growth. Knowing the population size and growth of her geopolitical zones are becoming importance especially to government as size of a population is good parameter for economic development. The aim of this study is to compare the Nigeria’s Northern and Southern population growth for equitable revenue allocation and holistic national development. To achieve this, helpful mathematical models such as Malthusian and Geometric are used to predict each zone. And the results of these models are validated using mathematical model called Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Analysis revealed that Northern population is better predicted using exponential growth model and population is estimated to be 131062796 in 2022 with the growth rate 3.67%. On the other hand, Geometric model predicts Southern population better, with the estimate population 110779180 in 2022 and the growth rate of 3.2%.

Corrective Removal of Pollutant from Contaminated Crude Oil Using Green Synthesized Activated Carbon Nanotubes

Safiya A. Muazu, M. Y. Ibrahim — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The expanding global economy led to a continuous rise in transportation and the use of crude oil. The crude oil spill has been deemed a significant threat to both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This paper aim to synthesize Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and evaluate their potentials for removing crude oil spills. The research focuses on two parameters: adsorbent dosage and contact time. It investigated the adsorption of crude oil utilizing synthesized carbon nanotubes (CNT) derived from coconut shell. The investigation was conducted using batch adsorption, with the adsorbent dosage and contact time being varied as factors. The carbon nanotubes (CNT) that were synthesized were examined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (Uv-Vis), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) methods. The results revealed that the produced carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were within the nanoscale and have a high ratio of surface area to mass, indicating exceptional crystallinity. The morphological alteration greatly enhanced the hydrophobic nature of the adsorbent, resulting in the synthesis of a carbon nanotube (CNT) with dramatically improved crude oil adsorption capacity, reaching a maximum of 4855.8 mg/g. The experimental findings revealed a direct relationship between the quantity of adsorbent used and the percentage of crude oil that was eliminated. Likewise, a greater duration of contact resulted in a higher percentage of crude oil being removed. Carbon nanotubes synthesized, offer an excellent structure for effectively purifying contaminated crude oil.

Mathematical Modelling and Transmission on the Dynamic of Syphilis with Exposed, Early and Late Latent Syphilis

Ali Inalegwu Michael, Washachi Dekera Jacob — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research presents a Mathematical Modelling and Transmission on the Dynamic of Syphilis with Exposed, Early and Late Latent Syphilis. The model is governed by a system of six ordinary differential equations namely: Susceptible (S), Exposed (E), Early latent, Late latent Infected and Recovery (????). An analysis was performed on the model to determine the disease-free equilibrium, endemic equilibrium, reproduction number, local stability, and global stability. The results of the analysis indicate that the disease-free equilibrium equation is locally asymptotically stable if the reproduction number is less than one, and unstable if the reproduction number is greater than one. The system has met all the requirements to be considered globally asymptotically stable. We have conducted numerical simulations of the model, and the results show that the number of people who are exposed will keep increasing. It will only decrease if people become aware of the syphilis problem in the community. If a person is mildly infected with a virus but shows no symptoms, they can still spread the virus and cause harm. However, if the infected person gets treated during the latency period, which is the time between infection and onset of symptoms, they can recover within the first five weeks of the pandemic. This information is supported by a graph. In general, the number of syphilis cases will decline over time if they are properly treated. On the other hand, if left untreated, out of every 300 individuals, 280 will be affected by syphilis. However, those who have recovered from syphilis suggest that with appropriate care, treatment, and safe sexual behaviour, it is possible to avoid contracting syphilis.

Insilico Toxicological Assessment and Molecular Docking Investigations of Pesticides Employed used in Sokoto State, Nigeria

Idris Sherifat Banke, Fatima Mahmud Bako, Onimisi Bethel O. — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Many pesticides are associated with severe health implications, and end users are at risk. In silico studies make it easier to quickly perform toxicity for chemicals. The present work was aimed at conducting a survey in Sokoto, Sokoto State Nigeria, to determine the types of pesticides used, and attitudes towards their safe handling. 242 respondents from Sokoto, Sokoto State, were interviewed to collect the information using an indept field survey. Chemical library of pesticides in the study area were developed and the pesticides from the survey were investigated in-silico for absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET), drug likeness and toxicity prediction using SwissADME webserver, the target proteins were also predicted using Swiss Target prediction. Molecular docking of the pesticide against their predicted target proteins was done using PyRx and PyMol. Acetylcholinesterase and MAP kinase was selected as target protein for dichlorvos and cypermethrin. The results obtained showed that atrazine, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, dichlorvos, glyphosate, lindane, paraquat and pendimethaline were the pesticides used in Sokoto, Sokoto State. The docking studies show that dichlorvos have lower binding affinity to acetylcholinesterase compared to galantamine a known potent (Alzheimer’s disease) cholinesterase inhibitor drug. The study revealed that all the selected pesticides have good oral bioavailability as they did not violate the Lipinski Rule of five. In conclusion, all the pesticides used in Sokoto were classified as highly toxic to human health.

Enhancing Thermophoresis Effect on Time-Dependent Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Oscillatory Boundary Layer Flow Occupied with Nanoparticles

Halima Usman, Aminu Muhammad, Emmanuel Omokuale — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This paper describes the impact of thermophoresis parameter on the heat and mass transfer of a nanofluid flow past a semi-infinite flat plate in a rotating system, considering unsteady magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) and free convection. A significant contribution of this research is the derivation of closed-form analytic solutions for the momentum, energy and concentration equations. The research explores the effect of various parameters on the velocity, temperature, and concentration distribution of the nanofluid, as well as the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. Different types of nanoparticles are considered, and the findings are presented through graphs and tables. This model has practical applications in the fields of data storage, biomedicine, and resonance imaging. In addition, graphical comparison between Narayana and Venkateswarlu (2016) with the present work demonstrate an excellent relationship, thereby affirming the accuracy and precision of this present analysis.

Analysis of Location and Distribution Pattern of Modern Shopping Centers in Gusau Town Zamfara State, Nigeria

Lukman Bello, Ibrahim Kado — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Research on modern shopping centers in Nigeria concentrated on the regional shopping centers in bigger cities and towns neglecting the growing modern shopping centers in smaller towns and cities, which are changing the retail landscape of the country. Not only that, majority are concentrated on the customers’ patronage pattern of these shopping centers and the influencing factors and ignored the relevance of location and distribution pattern in the development and sustainability of these shopping centers. The objective of the study was to analyze the spatial location and distribution pattern of modern shopping centers in Gusau Town Zamfara State, Nigeria. Five shopping centers were selected purposively for in-depth interview. Coordinates of the shopping centers were collected through the use of android-based GPS application, their sizes were measured using measuring wheel and factors of location and distribution was collected through in-depth interview. Spatial analysis tool and Nearest Neighbor Analysis tool of ArcGIS 10.0v were used to show the location and determine distribution pattern of the shopping centers. It was discovered that majority of the shopping centers are located along major roads networks of the town and within/close to middle- and high-income residential areas. The result also shows that, the distribution pattern of the shopping centers is disperse, with observed mean distance of 770.6 meters, nearest neighbor ratio of 1.40 and Z-score of 2.55, with a 5% likelihood that the disperse pattern is as a result of random chance, i.e. the disperse pattern was not as a result of random choice of site/location but careful review and selection of site. The P-value of 0.0109 indicates a significant difference from a random pattern. It is recommended that more investment should be made in the development of these shopping centers as they possess the potentials of creating jobs and raising commercial viability of the town. This is achievable through public private partnership or foreign direct investment.

Catalytic Conversion of Waste Polyethene Bags (Groceries Bags) to Liquid Fuels Over 6wt%WO3/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst, Mild Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure

Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The catalytic pyrolysis of waste polythene bags was conducted at a temperature of 500^oC and atmospheric pressure utilizing local fabricated pyrolysis reactor for the process. The 6wt%WO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst was synthesized via impregnation method and characterized with scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and applied for the catalytic pyrolysis of waste polythene bags. The results indicated that the catalyzed reaction took shorter time to obtain the liquid fuels as against the uncatalyzed reaction and both liquid fuels resembled the conventional diesel by physical appearance (orange color) and burning properties, the caloric values of catalyzed and uncatalyzed found to be 40.8 and 39.6Mj/Kg respectively as against 40Mj/Kg of the conventional diesel. The total of thirty seven (37) compounds were identified from the uncatalyzed pyrolyzed oil while total of fifty four (54) compounds were detected in the liquid products obtained from the catalyzed pyrolyzed oil. The results revealed that 1-undecene found in the uncatalyzed products was isomerized and alkylated to 4-undecene-5-methyl (E) in the catalyzed pyrolyzed oil. Again, the 1-Dodecene that was found in the uncatalyzed product was found to be isomerized to 4-dodecene (E) in the catalyzed product. More so, 1-tridecene and 2-tetradecene detected in the uncatalyzed product were equally isomerized to 2-tridecene (E) and 7-tetradecene respectively in the catalyzed oil.