International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability

Leveraging on the Transfer Learning with ResNet-50 for Efficient Classification of Waste Categories

2025-07-26T06:56:43+00:00

The rapid urbanization and population expansion in Nigeria have resulted in a substantial rise in solid waste production, posing considerable issues for efficient waste management and environmental sustainability. This study addresses these difficulties by creating an automated trash classification system utilizing deep learning techniques to improve the efficiency and precision of waste classification. The ResNet-50 convolutional neural network was utilized via transfer learning to train a model using a meticulously assembled dataset of 2,527 waste images categorized into six types: cardboard, glass, metal, paper, plastic and trash. Data augmentation techniques, including random rotation, flipping, and zooming, were employed during preprocessing to enhance model generalization and resilience. The training procedure utilized a two-stage approach: first, the base ResNet-50 layers were frozen to leverage pre-acquired general image data, and subsequently, the top layers were fine-tuned to accommodate waste-specific attributes. Evaluation criteria such asccuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score showed consistently strong performance, with validation accuracy maintained at 97.8%. The confusion matrix demonstrated robust classification performance. The findings highlight the model's capability to efficiently automate waste classification, hence diminishing reliance on labor-intensive manual sorting commonly found in Nigeria. This study advances the overarching objective of sustainable urban trash management by offering a scalable, precise, and economical classification methodology.

Assessment of Attitude of Artisanal Fish Farmers Towards the Utilization of Hatchery Production Technologies in Ondo State, Nigeria

2025-07-26T07:10:48+00:00

The study assessed the attitude of artisanal fish farmers towards hatchery production technologies in Ondo State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 90 respondents, selected through a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data analysis involved frequency counts, percentages, and correlation analysis. Findings revealed that 71.1% of respondents were male, while 51.1% were under 40 years old, with a mean age of 43 years. Most farmers (81.2%) had 1–5 years of experience, with an average of five years. The study found that the utilization of hatchery production technologies was relatively high, possibly due to high educational attainment among farmers. Correlation analysis indicated significant relationships between technology utilization and socio-economic factors such as age (P=0.000), sex (P=0.002), marital status (P=0.023), religion (P=0.001), years of experience (P=0.000), income (P=0.000), and farm size (P=0.000). These factors significantly influenced technology adoption. The study concluded that respondents had a favorable attitude toward hatchery technologies. It recommended reintroducing and popularizing underutilized technologies among fish farmers. Regular training and empowerment programs should be implemented to enhance adoption rates. Additionally, environmental pollution in the study area should be effectively managed to improve hatchery productivity and sustainability.

Machine Learning-Based Tertiary Institutions’ Data Harmonization with a Large Language Model Decision Support System: A Literature Review

2025-07-26T07:27:21+00:00

The increasing complexity of data ecosystems in tertiary institutions necessitates advanced approaches to data harmonisation. This literature appraisal investigates the purposes of Machine Learning (ML) and Large Language Models (LLMs) as groundbreaking assets for enabling data-oriented decision-making and integration. It synthesizes current research on their applications in data cleaning, feature selection, predictive analytics, and the processing of unstructured data. The findings indicate that ML and LLMs improve data quality, interoperability, and institutional responsiveness. Still, issues of morality like the bias present in algorithms, apprehensions regarding data privacy, and the imperative for clarity persist as major concerns. The review concludes with recommendations for future research to guide the responsible and effective deployment of ML and LLMs in higher education data harmonization frameworks.

Evaluation of Modified Sequential Probability Ratio Test and Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve in Kidney Disease Diagnosis Sensitivity-Specificity Analysis

2025-07-26T07:56:33+00:00

This study evaluates the diagnostic performance of the Modified Sequential Probability Ratio Test (MSPRT) and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve in kidney disease detection using patient data from Borno, Maiduguri specialized hospital. The analysis compares the efficiency, sensitivity, and specificity of these methods in determining kidney disease progression based on Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and related biomarkers. Results indicate that MSPRT exhibits dynamic decision-making advantages, whereas ROC provides robust threshold-based classification. Results indicate that MSPRT offers adaptive decision-making capabilities, reducing false positives and negatives by continuously updating classification probabilities. However, it requires predefined parameters and can be computationally intensive. In contrast, the ROC curve provides a stable, threshold-based classification method, offering a clear-cut measure of diagnostic performance through the Area Under the Curve (AUC) but lacks real-time adaptability. Findings suggest that while MSPRT can enhance early detection and improve diagnostic efficiency in real-time settings, the ROC curve remains a valuable tool for benchmarking diagnostic accuracy. The ROC curve, on the other hand, provides a graphical representation of diagnostic accuracy by plotting sensitivity against specificity and determining an optimal threshold for disease classification. Both approaches are assessed to identify their strengths and limitations in clinical decision-making. A combined approach integrating the strengths of both methods may provide a more reliable framework for kidney disease classification.

A Survey of Plant Parasitic Nematode Associated with Avocado (Persea americana) In Gembu Sardauna Local Government Area of Taraba State

2025-07-26T08:08:42+00:00

Plant parasitic nematode causes damages to Agricultural crops which includes plantations and horticultural crops among others. It is in this regard a survey was conducted to identify the different plant parasitic Nematodes genera, frequency of occurrence and population density of the plant parasitic nematode associated with avocado (Persea americana) in Gembu ward (A and B) Sardauna local government area of Taraba state Nigeria in the month of May/June, 2022. About 120 soil samples were collected at random from the rhizosphere of avocado plant. A total of ten composite soil samples were obtained from each wards out of which 250cm of soil was used for the nematode extraction using modified Tray-method. Followed by identification of plant parasitic nematode genera which was done using pictorial key to genera. The results of the microscopic analysis of the soil samples in the surveyed areas reveal the existence of eight (8) genera, including: Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus, Xiphenema, Pratylenchus, Aphelenchus, Radopholus, Trichodorus and Rotylenchus. Meloidogyne was the most widely distributed with frequency of occurrence value in percentage (16.26) and (19.11), and the least frequent genera was Rotylenchus (8.94) and (7.72) and population density value in percentage Meloidogyne (16.3) and (19.1), followed by Helicotylenchus (14.6) and (17.3) and the genera with least population density was Rotylenchus (8.9) and (7.7) respectively.

Geology and Mineralogy of Batola and its Environs, Southwestern Nigeria

2025-07-26T08:21:48+00:00

The Basement complex and Sedimentary Basin Makes up the Geology of southwest Nigeria. This research work is intended to comprehend the geology and mineralogy of Batola, Ago, Ladele, Koroyi and Aregbe which falls within the Ikomu sheet in Southwest Nigeria. A highly detailed topographical map and a GPS gadget were used for navigation during the Field Mapping process. Fresh samples that were representative of each outcrop were taken in all locations throughout the Field Mapping process. The slides were then examined under a microscope in an effort to confirm the provisional names for the rocks in the field. This allowed for the determination of the lithology of the rocks in the research region as well as the petrography of these outcrops in both plane and cross polarised light. The lithology in the study area was identified by the Field and Petrographic results as Granite (Porphyritic and Coarse Grained), Granite-gneiss and Pegmatite. Additionally, Pegmatitic intrusions and dykes were also seen. Further minerals found during the Petrographic analysis of the rock units included Mica, Biotite, Plagioclase Feldspar, Microcline, Quartz and a few tiny opaque minerals.The geology and mineralogy suggested that the study area is heterogeneous in nature, with lithologies varying from igneous to metamorphic rocks with structural imprints that can be characterized to the Pan-African orogeny. This study provided additional support of previous researches carried out on the Geology of Southwestern rocks.

Hybrid Defense against Pollution Attacks in P2P Live Video Streaming

2025-07-26T08:39:29+00:00

Pollution attacks present a serious risk to the integrity and reliability of peer-to-peer (P2P) live video streaming networks, negatively impacting video quality and user experience. This paper introduces a combined security strategy that merges blacklisting and traffic encryption techniques to counter these attacks. We assessed the effectiveness of Blacklisting, Traffic Encryption, and Hybrid methods using the OMNeT++ simulation environment across networks ranging from 1,000 to 5,000 nodes. The findings revealed that the Hybrid method consistently surpassed the others, achieving a detection rate of 90% and a pollution rate of 9% at 5,000 nodes, compared to 72%/20% for Blacklisting and 65%/23% for Traffic Encryption. This research work shows that the hybrid approach provides a more robust, scalable, and effective means of protecting P2P video streaming from pollution attacks

Biostratigraphy Analysis of Mars Field Offshore, Dahomey Basin, Nigeria

2025-07-26T09:12:58+00:00

The biostratigraphic interpretation of the Mars Field, located offshore in the Dahomey Basin of western Nigeria, was conducted through a detailed analysis of index fossil species identified across three wells: MARS 1, MARS 3, and MARS 5. This study leverages the occurrence and distribution of key microfossils to establish a robust chronostratigraphic framework spanning the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene periods. The presence of Globanomalina daubjergensis indicates a Lower Paleocene age, while the dinoflagellate Dinogymnium acuminatum suggests a Danian age at depths ranging from approximately 6250’ to 8990’, marking the transition to Cretaceous strata at 8990’ (Berggren et al., 1995). Further, the occurrence of Globotruncana gansseri points to a Late Campanian to Upper Maastrichtian age at depths of 9080’–9420’, and Globotruncana aegyptiaca denotes a Coniacian age at around 10750’ (Bralower et al., 1995). Deeper intervals reveal an Albian age inferred from Callialasporites spp. at approximately 12400’, and the presence of Dicheiropollis etruscus at about 14660’ suggests a Barremian age, indicating the oldest strata penetrated in the study area (Adeigbe et al., 2013). These biozones, derived from foraminifera, palynomorphs, and calcareous nannofossils, correlate with regional unconformities and seismic markers, providing insights into the basin’s depositional history. The analysis highlights variations in microfossil abundance and diversity with depth, reflecting changes in paleoenvironmental conditions and sedimentological processes within the transform margin setting of the Dahomey Basin. This biostratigraphic framework not only refines the geological timeline of the Mars Field but also supports its potential significance for hydrocarbon exploration by delineating key stratigraphic intervals.

Physiological Effects of Rapidus-50 On Chlorophyll, Protein and Lipid Content in Wolffia sp.: Implications for Aquatic Plant Health

2025-07-26T09:22:04+00:00

This study aimed to investigate the physiological effects of varying concentrations of Rapidus-50, a diclofenac-based non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), on Wolffia sp. Over a five-day exposure period, chlorophyll and lipid contents were measured in treatment groups receiving 10 µL, 100 µL, 1000 µL, and 10000 µL of Rapidus-50. The results demonstrated a clear concentration-dependent decrease in both chlorophyll and lipid levels, with the most pronounced reductions observed at higher concentrations. Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed the significance of these changes (p < 0.05), suggesting that the chemical exposure led to photosynthetic disruption and impaired lipid biosynthesis. These findings highlight the ecological risks posed by pharmaceutical pollutants in aquatic ecosystems.

A 9 Year Retrospective Analysis of Veterinary Surgical Cases in Selected Cities of North-Western Nigeria

2025-07-26T09:29:21+00:00

Veterinary medical records are essential for evaluating surgical procedures and predicting outcomes. This study analyzed veterinary surgical records over a nine-year period (2015–2024) from Sokoto, Birnin-Kebbi, and Gusau in North-Western Nigeria. A total of 6,088 surgical case records were reviewed from government-owned and registered veterinary hospitals and clinics. Surgical cases were categorized into cosmetic, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, reproductive, and ear, nose, and throat (ENT) procedures. Data were analyzed by year, quarter, month, species, sex, and age. Surgical burden peaked in Sokoto in 2017 and in Birnin-Kebbi and Gusau in 2023. The first quarter consistently recorded the highest caseload, particularly in January and February, while the second quarter especially May had the lowest. Musculoskeletal surgeries were the most common (67.08%), while ENT surgeries were the least (1.12%). Ovine species predominated, whereas no surgical cases were recorded in porcine species. More females (46.16%) than males underwent surgery, with 12% of records had no gender data. Adult animals accounted for 55.29% of surgical patients. Pre-anaesthetic assessments were absent in 98.28% of cases, and anaesthetic protocols were unrecorded in 93.63%. post-operative care was only documented in 93.18% of cases. This study provides reference data on the prevalence of profiled surgical conditions and also highlights the urgent need to employ electronic medical records keeping system, standardized protocols, and improved documentation practices through staff training and targeted intervention strategies in veterinary healthcare in the region.

Nigeria's External Reserves: A Time Series Approach

2025-07-26T09:45:50+00:00

A nation's economy can withstand shocks and increase confidence by using its external (foreign) reserves. Therefore, external reserves are significant to the extent that they aid in maintaining economic stability in the nation. The study looked into Nigeria's external reserves using time series technique. It made use of monthly data on Nigeria's external reserves from January 1990 to August 2021, which were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) bulletin. The aim of the study was to investigate the external reserve pattern of Nigeria and fit a suitable time series model to the data. The Box-Jenkins methodology was utilized, encompassing four distinct stages: identification, estimation, diagnostics, and forecasting. The data was determined to be non-stationary at the initial level and displayed an upward trend. Upon initial analysis with diagnostic economic tools, it was discovered that the data consistently maintained a state of equilibrium, that is, at first difference. Additionally, model diagnostic checking showed that Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average, ARIMA (4, 1, 4) was the most suitable optimal model, and as such, it was used to forecast for the following four years. As a result, the projected figures showed that Nigeria's external reserves will keep rising gradually. Legislative actions that will facilitate improved external reserve management and accumulation are therefore recommended for the government to take.

Assessment of Fish Parasites and their Predisposing Factors in Two Fresh Water Bodies in Ogbia, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

2025-08-05T06:10:33+00:00

Fish is a substantive element for the existence of man. It constitutes a significant ingredient of human meal particularly for its protein content. However, parasitic infections on fish post threat to fish life and potential consumers globally. This investigation seeks to examine fish parasites from two fresh water bodies, Kolo creek and Ekoli River and determine visible factors increasing fish vulnerability to the threating parasites and infections. A total of 112 fish samples were evaluated using the normal saline and preparation of blood smear respectively. The parasites were identified using the pocket naturalist guide. Parasite infestation load reported was 51.0 % with the Kolo creek have 28.6 % and 22.4% observed in Ekoli River respectively. The most prevalent parasite noticed was Ichthyophirus and Ichthyobodo species having actual incident of 18.0% each. However, the most vulnerable fish was Claris auguillaris (36.8 %). The study established that fish vulnerability is related to its food chain affiliation with bottom dweller having increasing risk. The study further suggests that human unhealth attitude toward the fresh water ecosystem can intensify parasitic load on fish. However, individuals with habit of consuming inadequately prepared fish food are at risk of fish to man infections.

Effects of Heat Generation and Soret on Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Couette Flow with Radiation and Mass Absorption

2025-08-05T06:25:44+00:00

This article investigates the effects of heat generation and Soret on MHD Couette flow taking into consideration mass absorption and radiation influence. The governing flow in this study is modelled in the form of partial differential equations (PDEs) in dimensional form with initial and boundary conditions and the Couette fluid model is also be used to characterize the fluid behavior. Then, using suitable dimensionless quantities, the governing non-linear PDEs are transformed. Since the flow governing equations of the problem under investigation are highly complex and complicated, techniques that complement experimental and theoretical fluid dynamics by providing alternative potentially cheaper means of testing fluid flow systems is used. Therefore, the Finite Element Method (FEM) is used after discretization of the PDEs. Using graphs and tables, the effects of thermo physical parameters of engineering interests embedded in the velocity, temperature, concentration of the fluid were studied through series of numerical experiments and discussed. Furthermore, it is interesting to report that an excellent agreement was established when the results of this study was compared with those in literature, thereby authenticating and validating the accuracy of FEM as a strong tool. According to the results of this study, the actions of heat generation on the thermal and momentum boundary layers for increasing values are significant, also, increasing the Soret and thermal radiation cause a reverse trend i.e. decrease in the concentration, temperature and velocity of the fluid.

Transient Electro-Magneto Hydrodynamic (EMHD) Control of Hybrid Nanofluid Flow over 2D Riga Plate: Entropy Generation and Stability Analysis

2025-08-05T06:32:57+00:00

This study investigates the transient Electro-Magneto Hydrodynamic (EMHD) control of hybrid nanofluid flow over a two-dimensional Riga plate, focusing on entropy generation minimization and hydrodynamic stability analysis. The Riga plate, composed of alternating electrodes and permanent magnets, generates an exponentially decaying Lorentz force, which enhances boundary layer flow control. While previous research has primarily examined steady-state EMHD flows, this work addresses the transient behavior critical for real-world dynamic systems. The governing equations for momentum, energy, and nanoparticle concentration are derived and solved analytically using perturbation methods for steady-state conditions and Laplace transforms for transient solutions. A finite difference numerical scheme is employed to validate the results numerically, ensuring accuracy through convergence criteria. Key dimensionless parameters, including the modified Hartmann number (Z), Richardson number (λ), and suction parameter (s), are analyzed to assess their impact on flow, heat transfer, and stability. Results demonstrate that EMHD effects significantly enhance velocity profiles, while Prandtl number (Pr) variations influence thermal boundary layers. Entropy generation analysis reveals that thermal irreversibility dominates near the plate, whereas viscous and Joule heating effects prevail farther away. Stability studies confirm that strong suction (s) stabilizes the flow, suppressing perturbations. Additionally, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers increase with higher Z and s, indicating improved heat and mass transfer efficiency. This study provides critical insights into optimizing EMHD-based thermal systems by minimizing entropy generation and ensuring hydrodynamic stability. The findings have significant implications for microfluidics, nuclear cooling, and aerospace propulsion, where precise thermal management is essential.

Phytochemical Constituents, and Antioxidant Activities of Sokoto-Grown Hibiscus Sabdariffa (Zobo)

2025-08-05T06:54:11+00:00

Oxidative stress is a harmful physiological condition caused by an imbalance between free radical production and the body’s antioxidant defense system. It contributes to the development of many chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn., locally known as “zobo” in Nigeria, is a medicinal plant traditionally consumed as a beverage and used for various therapeutic purposes. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa leaf extracts. Dried red and black zobo leaves were collected from Tsohuwar Kasuwa market in Sokoto and authenticated at the Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. The samples were soaked in distilled water for 24 hours, filtered, and stored. Phytochemical screening was conducted using standard qualitative and quantitative methods, while antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The phytochemical results revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, steroids, balsams, anthraquinones, and volatile oils. Quantitatively, black zobo exhibited higher flavonoid (2.26 ± 0.01%) and glycoside (3.82 ± 0.02%) contents, while red zobo contained more amount of saponins (2.78 ± 0.01%). Antioxidant activity showed that black zobo had a higher radical scavenging activity (73.86 ± 0.37%) compared to red zobo (66.42 ± 0.85%) at 0.2 mg/mL. A decline in activity was observed at higher concentrations. The results suggest that Hibiscus sabdariffa leaves, particularly the black variant, are rich in phytochemicals with significant antioxidant activity and could serve as a potential natural remedy for oxidative stress-related conditions.

Emerging AI Applications in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review

2025-08-05T07:03:12+00:00

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare has shown significant potential in changing the world of medicine by improving diagnostic accuracy, personalizing treatment plans, and enhancing patient care. This comprehensive review explores the most prominent AI applications emerging within the healthcare sector, focusing on their contributions, challenges, and future prospects. Key applications, including machine learning (ML), natural language processing (NLP), and robotics, are examined in the context of clinical decision support, medical imaging, drug discovery, personalized medicine, and robotic surgery. The use of AI-driven tools such as predictive analytics, intelligent diagnostic systems, and virtual assistants is revolutionizing disease prevention, early detection, and patient monitoring. Additionally, the role of AI in operational efficiency, such as optimizing hospital workflows and automating administrative tasks, is discussed. Despite the promising advancements, the review also highlights the ethical concerns, data privacy issues, and the need for robust validation frameworks to ensure the safe and equitable implementation of AI technologies in healthcare. The paper concludes with a look into the future, proposing directions for further research to harness AI's full potential in transforming healthcare delivery and improving health outcomes globally.

Assessment of Helminth Contamination and Associated Public Health Risk in Water Sources in Imiringi, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

2025-08-05T07:24:32+00:00

Helminths are highly infective, causing serious diseases among man and animals via water and soil routes. This study assessed helminths contamination in three water sources in Imiringi, Bayelsa State, Nigeria: Kolo Creek, a handmade pit water reservoir, and a borehole. Using sodium chloride sedimentation, 150 water samples were analysed. A 41.3% infestation rate was observed, with the handmade pit water reservoir and Kolo Creek being the most affected. The helminths observed in this study were Ascaris 31 (29.0), Strongyloides 27 (25.2) and Triuris 49 (45.8). Water sources in the study area was infested with helminths pathogens, indicating health risk of residents. Helminth portray a serious public health problem and require deliberate effort to curtail its spread to save residents from helminthiasis. The study established that Adherence to public health standards in the siting of bore hole and other manmade water sources can aid prevention of helminth spread and free residents from helminthiasis risk. Prioritizing personal cleanliness and ensuring strict compliance to sanitation policies can obstruction helminths contamination of water sources and promote human wellness and reduce burden on the health system. Residents depending on these sources for water should adopt the habiting of boiling water before use so as to get rid of parasitic worm residential in the water.

A Study on Bivariate Exponentiated Nadarajah-Haghighi Distribution Derived from Plackett Copula

2025-08-05T07:37:42+00:00

The Nadarajah-Haghighi distribution is an essential lifetime distribution in survival analysis that serves as an alternative to the Weibull, beta and exponentiated exponential distributions. In this paper, a new bivariate distribution is proposed using the exponentiated Nadarajah-Haghighi distribution. The joint probability density function of the proposed distribution was established using Plackett copula function. The model’s parameters were established using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) procedure. An application using real datasets to depict the usefulness of the proposed model was demonstrated using two different datasets. The results of the applications indicated that the new bivariate distribution fit the real data and executed practically better than its competitors.

Microbial Assessment of Retention Samples and Impact in Monitoring Microbial Quality of Liquid Preparations in Pharmaceutical Industries

2025-08-05T07:46:37+00:00

The impact of retention samples in monitoring microbial quality of liquid preparations in pharmaceutical industries cannot be over-emphasized. The challenge of microbial contamination and monitoring microbial quality of liquid preparations call for the need to keep retention samples of liquid preparations in pharmaceutical industries. Seven (7) retention samples of registered liquid preparations (Mist Magnesium Trisilicate Mixture, Paracetamol Syrup, Cough Syrup, Vitamin C Syrup, Gentian Violet, Calamine Lotion and Hydrogen Peroxide) that were not less than two years inside the retention room were collected from two selected pharmaceutical industries and microbiology purity tests were carried out using standard methods. The results revealed absence of pathogenic bacteria in all the retention samples. The highest values of 46.67 cfu/ml and 30.00 cfu/ml obtained for total viable aerobic mesophilic bacteria plate count and fungi from Cough Syrup and Vitamin C Syrup respectively might possibly be due to the use of sugar and other excipients that support microbial growth. The results show that the microbial quality of the liquid preparations represented by the retention samples were satisfactory as they conformed to the British Pharmacopeia (BP) specifications for liquid specifications. This suggests that the liquid preparations produced followed current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) as shown in the results obtained from the retention samples. Therefore, retention samples play vital role in the monitoring of microbial quality of liquid preparations and subsequently contribute to drug development and annual product quality review in pharmaceutical industries.

Mathematical Modeling of the Transmission Dynamics of Pediculosis Capitis

2025-08-05T08:03:17+00:00

This study presents a modified mathematical model to analyze the transmission dynamics of pediculosis capitis (head lice). By employing stability analysis on a modified model, we demonstrated that, when the basic reproduction number (R₀ < 1) is maintained below the critical threshold of one, complete eradication of head lice from a host population is achievable. Simulations based on our analytical results predict that this elimination can occur within a 30-day timeframe, providing a clear target for effective public health interventions.

Preparation, Chemistry and Applications of Chitosan

2025-08-05T08:24:53+00:00

Chitosan is an amino- polysaccharide derived from chitin that comprises of linear amino-polysacchride including N-acetyl D-glucosamine and D-glucosamine components. Chitosan has gathered largely interest starting with industry and academic as a result of its biological activities. Chitosan may be fitting biopolymer that could be employed in a variety of industries. Currently the major sources of chitosan are crustacean shells, shrimp, crabs and crayfish. The present review interested on the recent sources of chitosan particularly insects such as grasshopper. Insect like grasshopper are considered to be pest and harmful species to agricultural land and they are in abundance especially in the northern part of Nigeria and it can serve as possible source of chitosan and their scientific benefit has not been tapped, also different method may be used to prepare chitosan such as chemical and biological method, and it has many application. The present review provided the best insight into the sourcing the chitosan from insect such as grasshopper as alternative to crustaceans shells, shrimp and crabs which may also address food scarcity related challenges by reducing the population of the pests and thereby their infestation. The future direction of research should focus on the destruction of catastrophic species into a value-added product that could replace the existing biopolymers sources and hence increase the opportunities in this field, also studies are required to optimize the production process for higher yield using modern technology such as electrochemical methods or ultrasonication and microwave. Further innovative insect rearing methods would also produce a constant supply of insects for industrial uses i.e specific species/stages. Cost-effective method and straightforward synthesis approaches could be required for large-scale production of insect chitosan. Hence, up-scaling efficiency, insect species selectivity, and stability in real-time applications need to be explored. Also, further research is required for understanding the chitosan mechanisms of action and bioactivity.

Assessment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Presence in Metal-Rust-Associated Soil from Scrap Dump Sites in Damba, Gusau, Zamfara State

2025-08-05T08:42:34+00:00

Metal corrosion, commonly referred to as rusting, poses significant public health risks by contaminating soil and drinking water systems, particularly along metallic pipelines. Previous studies have identified Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a major contributor to metal deterioration. This study aimed to detect and characterize P. aeruginosa in soil samples collected from a scrap metal dump site in Damba, Gusau, Nigeria. A comprehensive analysis was conducted to evaluate microbial diversity, heavy metal concentrations, and physicochemical parameters such as soil pH and temperature. Bacterial colony enumeration was performed using MacConkey agar, followed by Gram staining, biochemical testing, and molecular characterization for the identification of Pseudomonas species. Heavy metal concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The colony-forming units ranged from 8.3 × 10⁷ to 1.78 × 10⁴ CFU/g. A total of 25 Pseudomonas spp. were identified biochemically, of which 5 isolates were further confirmed as P. aeruginosa through molecular techniques. Zinc, cadmium, copper, lead, and chromium were detected in all soil samples, with zinc showing the highest concentration (0.34 ± 0.04 mg/kg) and cadmium the lowest (0.01 ± 0.001 mg/kg). The results indicate that P. aeruginosa plays a significant role in metal corrosion processes. Although heavy metal levels were within acceptable limits of United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), continuous monitoring and implementation of bioremediation strategies using metal-resistant bacteria are recommended to mitigate environmental and public health risks associated with scrap metal dump sites.

Seismic and Petrophysical Analysis of Tomboy Field: Identifying Hydrocarbon Reserves in Niger Delta

2025-08-05T08:54:44+00:00

The Tomboy Field in the Niger Delta Basin is thoroughly examined in this article, with an emphasis on petrophysical research and seismic interpretation to pinpoint hydrocarbon reserves. To assess the field's reservoir potential, the analysis combines well log data, 3D seismic scans, and petrophysical characteristics like porosity, water saturation, and Net-To-Gross (NTG).

Six distinct reservoirs were delineated, each displaying varying hydrocarbon saturation levels, with Reservoirs 5 and 6 showing significant oil accumulations. The study highlights how crucial contemporary 3D seismic interpretation methods are for minimizing reservoir characterization uncertainty and maximizing field development.

Additionally, the application of Petrel software for stratigraphic and structural mapping allowed for the identification of potential drilling locations, with synthetic seismograms used to correlate well logs to seismic data. The results suggest the Tomboy Field contains untapped hydrocarbon potential, particularly in Reservoirs 5 and 6, which are recommended for further exploration and development. The results provide useful insights into optimizing hydrocarbon recovery through integrated seismic and petrophysical analysis and further our understanding of the geology of the Niger Delta Basin.

Measurements and Analysis of Disjoining Pressure in Sio2 and Al2o3 Nanoparticles Dispersion

2025-08-05T09:00:37+00:00

Nanoparticles are gaining prominence in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) due to their distinctive capability to alter reservoir wettability and enhance oil displacement. Currently, they are a vital technique for EOR. The stability of the nanoparticles in high salinity plays an essential role in their functionality. This study has effectively quantified the stability of silica (SiO₂) and alumina (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles in high-salinity reservoirs based on experimental estimations of their disjoining pressure at multiple ionic strengths. The study uses Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to measure disjoining pressure. Results show that, SiO₂ nanoparticles exhibit strong Van der Waals attraction at low salinity with weak electrostatic repulsion, leading to a total negative disjoining pressure of about-2.162×10⁻¹² Pa. on the other hand, as salinity increases to 2 M, electrostatic repulsion nearly offsets Van der Waals attraction, indicating an improved stability. In contrast, the Al₂O₃ nanoparticles exhibit strong electrostatic repulsion at low ionic strength concentration, ensuring dispersion. However, as the ionic concentration reaches 2 M, repulsion weakens and Van der Waals attraction dominates, leading to a total negative pressure of about -1.074×10⁻¹² Pa with increased aggregation. Thus, our findings suggest that SiO₂ nanoparticles are more likely stable at high salinity, while Al₂O₃ nanoparticles perform better at low salinity. Moreover, this work has provided critical insights for optimizing nanoparticle selection in EOR applications to enhance stability and efficiency in varying reservoir conditions.

A New Method for the Direct Solution of Second, Third and Fourth Order Differential Equations with Oscillatory Behavior

2025-08-05T19:48:07+00:00

This paper presents a new block hybrid method for the direct numerical solution of second, third, and fourth-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with oscillatory characteristics. Unlike traditional approaches that rely on transforming higher-order equations into systems of first-order equations, the proposed method tackles the equations in their original forms, thereby reducing computational complexity and preserving the physical structure of the models. The method is formulated using power series approximations, collocation, and interpolation techniques to derive continuous implicit schemes and their discrete counterparts. A rigorous analysis of the method's basic properties such asrder, consistency, zero-stability, convergence, and absolute stability is conducted to establish its reliability. To validate the method, several numerical examples are presented. The results demonstrate that the new method offers high accuracy and stability compared to existing techniques, making it a robust and efficient tool for solving higher-order oscillatory differential equations directly.

Antioxidants-rich Supplement Ameliorates Chromium-induced Oxidative Stress in Albino Wistar Rats

2025-08-09T07:35:13+00:00

Chromium (Cr), a naturally occurring element widely used in various industries, has recently been implicated to generate free radicals by its divalent and hexavalent forms inducing oxidative states. The carcinogenicity of Cr was suggested to be through inducing oxidative stress. Supplementation with antioxidants was reported to ameliorate oxidative stress in several studies. In this study, oxidative stress was induced using 20 mg/kg K2Cr2O7 in albino Wistar rats’ groups B, C and D. After 14 days, the rats in groups C and D were treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg/body weight antioxidant-rich supplements. The serum chromium level, activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and GSH, antioxidant minerals (Se, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) and vitamins (A, C, and E) concentrations, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were determined. The results showed significant (p<0.05) weight gain in all the groups. Serum Cr level decreased significantly (p< 0.05) compared to control group (B). Significant (p<0.05) increase in serum activity of enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), concentrations of GSH, vitamins, and minerals was observed in supplemented groups C and D compared to B. MDA levels were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in group C compared to B. The results suggest that antioxidant-rich supplements could ameliorate chromium-induced oxidative stress.

Pesticides Residue In Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Sold In Major Markets In Abakaliki Area Of Southeastern Nigeria

2025-08-09T07:58:17+00:00

This study is aimed at assessing the level of pesticides residues in cucumbers sold in major markets in Abakaliki area, as well as the associated health risks. Samples of cucumbers were collected from two major markets in Abakaliki and analyzed for pesticide residues using Gas Chromatography coupled to an electron capture detector (GC-ECD).The risk associated with the consumption of cucumber was also evaluated using the health risk index (HRI). A maximum of twenty five (25) pesticides residues were present in samples from both markets. The results showed that samples from both markets were contaminated with multiple pesticides residues, including Chlorothalonil (0.8516 mg/kg and 0.5321 mg/kg) in samples A and B respectively, Lindane (1.4205 mg/kg and 1.2041 mg/kg) in samples A and B respectively,) and Dichlorobiphenyl (0.0013 mg/kg and 0.0002 mg/kg) in samples A and B respectively which exceeded the Maximum residue levels (MRLs) recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). Diazinon, Aldrin, Alpha-endosulfa, Isopropylamine, Deltamethrin were below maximum residue levels recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). The HRI of the entire pesticides residue detected were below 1 in adults and children indicating little or no risk for both adults and children.

Petrographic Analysis of Lepidolite-Pegmatites in Lema, Kwara State, North-central Nigeria: Implications for Lithium Mineralisation

2025-08-19T09:10:00+00:00

This study investigates the mineralogical composition and potential for lithium mineralisation in lepidolite-pegmatite samples from the Lema Pegmatite Field in north-central Nigeria. Petrographic analysis was conducted on three representative samples (L1, L2, and L3) using thin-section microscopy under plane polarized light (PPL) and crossed polarized light (XPL). The results reveal that muscovite is the predominant mineral, constituting 45%, 50% and 55% of L1, L2 and L3 respectively, while Quartz is notably abundant, making up 20% in L1, 25% in L2 and 20% in L3. Plagioclase and Biotite are also present in significant amounts, indicating a complex mineral assemblage where muscovite could be co-existing with lepidolite of enhanced lithium content. The findings suggest that, while lepidolite is a significant lithium-bearing mineral, it may not be the dominant component in these samples, with Muscovite emerging as a major constituent. This diverse mineralogy highlights the geological complexity of the pegmatites and underscores the need for further exploration and characterisation to assess the economic potential of these rocks in supporting the ongoing energy transition. Future research should focus on quantitative assessments of lepidolite and its lithium content, alongside geochemical methods, to evaluate the viability of these deposits in the context of global lithium demand.

Analyzing the Impact of Various Indexing Techniques on Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) Performance in Closed-Domain Question Answering

2025-08-19T09:21:55+00:00

Rapid and recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have become the driving force of many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, revolutionizing tasks such as Question Answering (QA) with the aim of improving human-computer interaction. LLMs have been explored to be capable of predicting reasonably good answers for provided questions using its ability to memorize information seen during training of the model. But to what extent can these models remember training data? Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) augments LLMs with knowledge to avoid relying on their memorization capabilities by combining generative capabilities of LLMs with retrieval-based methods to enhance answer accuracy and relevance of answers. With or without RAG, the aim is to mitigate the generation of plausible but non factual responses by LLMs which is hallucination. RAG has demonstrated significant performance in reducing hallucination and improving accuracy, speed and relevance of LLM generation in QA tasks. This research evaluates how different indexing methods such as BM25, DPR, and hybrid techniques affect RAG system performance in closed-domain QA, examining accuracy of retrieval and generation using performance metrics such as hit rate, precision, faithfulness and f1-score. The study also considers passage length variability and domainspecific adaptation across multiple datasets and domains with the hypothesis that focusing on a single domain can enhance system performance. Experiments are carried out on multiple datasets within both closed and open domains, using pre-trained models. This study explores optimal indexing strategies for RAG systems, balancing accuracy and efficiency. Results show that increasing passage length and retrieved samples improves hit rate and recall but reduces precision. The best performance achieved was 91% Hit-rate@9 and 93% relevancy using the BioASQ dataset.

A Comparative Analysis of Stacked Ensemble and Neural Network Models in Enhancing Customer Retention in Banking

2025-08-19T09:33:16+00:00

Customer churn is a major problem for the banking sector, as it affects the profitability and sustainability of the business. Therefore, it is important to identify the customers who are likely to leave to take appropriate actions towards retaining them. The study aims to apply machine learning models to predict churn and identify the most effective model based on performance metrics such as log loss, ROC AUC, and accuracy using a dataset of 10,000 customers with 14 features. The study also utilizes domain feature engineering to get better predictive signals. we performed data analysis, and tested models including a neural network and stacked ensemble models comprising Random Forest, XGBoost, LightGBM, and Gradient Boosting with logistic regression as the meta-learner. The study performed a comparative analysis of the performance of a neural network with stacked ensemble model of all four tree models. The stacked ensemble model outperformed others, achieving a log loss of 0.2497, ROC AUC of 0.9609, and accuracy of 89.11% on the test set. This indicates that the ensemble model, by combining the strengths of individual learners, effectively handles complex patterns in the data, thereby providing a tool for reducing churn and improving customer engagement strategies in the banking sector.

Investigating the Effects of Coronavirus Pandemic on Selected Nigerian Macroeconomic Indicators: An Application of VECM

2025-08-19T09:42:34+00:00

This research empirically assessed the impacts of CoV-19 on Nigeria's foreign reserves (FR), exchange rate (EXR), and crude oil price (COP) using 593 daily datasets from January 2, 2020 to May 11, 2022. The number of confirmed CoV-19 cases was sourced from World Health Organization, the EXR, FR, and the COP were obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Johansen cointegration test was used and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) adopted in the research. The variance decomposition result reveals that the CoV-19 exhibits a strong endogeneity in both the short and long run but weakly predicts the economic variables. The estimates of the variables speed of adjustments shows that CoV-19, COP, EXR and FR are significant at lag one. The error correction term, shows an adjustment rate of -0.0658 for the target variable CoV-19. The Granger/Wald causality test shows that there is no short run causality from CoV-19 to COP, EXR, and FR. The long run causal relationship indicates CoV-19, COP, EXR, and FR have long run relationship among the variables. Long run casual outcome indicates that crude oil price and foreign reserve are negative and significant at 5% level due to infected CoV-19 cases. While 5% increase in infected cases of CoV-19 pandemic will lead to 0.001897 increase in exchange rate in the future.

Application of machine learning models to classify Parkinson disease patients using accelerometer

2025-08-19T14:41:42+00:00

Parkinson’s disease (PD) greatly affects mobility, emphasizing the critical need for early detection to optimize treatment outcomes. This study explores the application of advanced machine learning techniques to analyse data collected from specialized motion tracking sensors known as accelerometers. These sensors monitor individual’s movements and symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease, with a primary focus on comprehending the unique movement patterns and related symptoms prevalent in those affected by this condition. This research leverages the capabilities of machine learning, employing diverse algorithms such as support vector machines, neural networks, and random forest. Through an integrated approach, the study aims to construct a robust ensemble model capable of synthesizing insights from these techniques. The dataset utilized originates from the University of Zaragoza Hospital, encompassing a diverse range of participants, including individuals both diagnosed and undiagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. This diversity ensures a comprehensive exploration of various movement patterns and symptoms among heterogeneous individuals. The primary objective revolves around precise differentiation between individuals affected by Parkinson’s disease and those who are not. To achieve this, the study adopts an ensemble model strategically designed to reconcile conflicting predictions from individual classifiers. This methodological approach seeks consensus by aggregating multiple classifier opinions, thereby minimizing uncertainties arising from divergent predictions. The outcomes of this study are particularly significant, with the ensemble model demonstrating superior performance over traditional machine learning models. The best-performing ensemble model, as identified through comparative analysis, achieved an impressive accuracy of 65.69%, specificity of 73.5%, and precision of 71.17%. These metrics underscore the potential of ensemble classifiers in enhancing diagnostic precision, thereby contributing to the early detection and continuous monitoring of parkinson disease.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Optical and Morphological Studies of Cu2ZnSnS4, Cu2CoSnS4 and Cu2NiSnS4 Thin Films using Chemical Bath Deposition Method for Device Applications

2025-08-21T08:44:10+00:00

Sustainable energy generation and conversion using kestrite solar cells are at the forefront of photovoltaic research interests. kesterites of Cu₂ZnSnS₄, Cu₂NiSnS₄ and Cu₂CoSnS₄, thin films were prepared on glass substrates using chemical bath deposition. The result showed that the absorbance of the thin films varied from 0.3 to 0.7 spanning the entire UV-VIS-NIR regions. The films showed high absorbance at a wavelength of 200nm and decreased exponentially to 400nm and gradually increased with increase in wavelength. The transmittance varied from 0-2% for Cu₂CoSnS₄, 0-2.3% for Cu₂NiSnS4 and 0-2.2% for Cu₂ZnSnS₄. The bandgaps of the films; 1.20 eV- 1.30 eV for Co²⁺, 1.25 eV – 1.30 eV for Ni and 1.25eV-1.35eV for Zn²⁺ respectively. It was noticed that Zn²⁺showed slight increase in the bandgap energies when compared to Co and Ni ion concentrations. Nevertheless, the ranges in the values of the energy gaps clearly showed that these thin films are very good materials for photovoltaic applications.Scanning electron micrographs result showed crystalline morphology for all the samples. The surface morphological study of Cu₂CoSnS₄, Cu₂NiSnS₄ and Cu₂ZnSnS₄ at (0.1M , 0.3M and 0.5M doping concentrations), showed that the grain size of all the samples are large and more oriented when doped with 0.5M and 0.3M concentration compared to that doped with 0.1M.

Growth and Measurement Of Sno: Zn2+ And Sno:Dye Extract from Green Leaves of Tectonagrandis Thin Films Deposited Using Spray Pyrolysis Techniques

2025-08-21T09:04:58+00:00

Dye-sensitized solar cell has a number of attractive features; it provides flexible solar modules, and can be fabricated using conventional method. Dye-sensitized Nanohybrid Zn_xSn_yO_z thin films were prepared on glass substrates using Master Airbrush Brand-model G25, G255-SET and G266-SET to deposit SnO, SnO: Zn²⁺ and SnO. The concentration of the dopant was varied from 0.1M – 0.5M of Zn²⁺ and 1% - 5% of dye-extract. The effect of Zn²⁺and dye ofTectonagrandison optical and structural properties of the films were examined and analysed. The result showed that the absorbance of the undoped SnO thin films at various substrate temperatures vary from 0.1–0.7. The dye doped samples showed an improvement in optical transmission at 625nm. The increase in transmittance could be attributed to the organic content of dye. Peak reflectance was observed at 350nm for un-doped and Zn²⁺ doped samples. The band gap energy of the dye doped sample is lower ranging from: 1.55 – 1.88eV than that of the Zn²⁺ doped samples, 1.60 – 2.22eV. The incorporation of the dyes shifted the fundamental absorption edge of the un-doped SnO thin films thus providing tuning effect of the band gap for solar cells application. The enormous growth of interest in solar energy is the consequence of the need to produce a cleaner energy that is inexpensive and less pollutant to the environment. The solar energy is the most abundant and environmentally friendly renewable energy resource. Photovoltaic’s offers an alternative means of producing essential electrical power without further endangering the delicate balance of our fragile ecosystems. It is the direct means of conversion of solar energy to electricity.

Phenotypic Characterization and Resistance Trends of Klebsiella pneumoniae from Selected Hospitals in Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria

2025-08-21T09:16:37+00:00

Klebsiella pneumoniae has emerged as a formidable pathogen, complicating the treatment of infections in healthcare settings. In this study, we examined the phenotypic characteristics and resistance trends of K. pneumoniae isolates from 150 clinical samples - including urine, blood, and deep throat sputum - collected from selected hospitals in Ilorin, Nigeria. Forty-nine isolates were recovered, with a predominance among female patients and individuals aged 18 - 40 years. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using standard bacteriological methods and a modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The findings revealed a concerning level of resistance to cephalosporins and beta-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, whereas aminoglycosides, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones demonstrated relatively higher susceptibility rates. Notably, the majority of the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with several showing high Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index values that underscore the significant antibiotic pressure in the clinical environment. These results highlight the urgent need for enhanced antibiotic stewardship and continuous surveillance to inform targeted treatment strategies. The insights gained from this study provide crucial data for developing effective interventions aimed at curbing the spread of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae and ultimately improving patient outcomes in resource-limited settings.

Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolates from Children with Gastrointestinal infection in Ilorin, Kwara state

2025-08-22T09:12:39+00:00

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered one of the most significant public health challenges of the 21^st century, posing serious risks to the effective treatment of infections, and threatening to undo decades of medical progress. This study aims to investigate the phenotypic patterns of extended spectrum beta- lactamases (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae in isolates obtained from two hospitals in Ilorin. A total of eighty- four non- duplicate stool samples were collected from children who had gastroenteritis. Bacterial isolation was carried out following standard laboratory procedures, and presumptive Gram-negative bacilli were stored on nutrient agar slants at 4ºC until needed. Forty (40) presumptive gram- negative bacterial isolates were sub-cultured, purified, and identified using Microbact 12E identification kit. Isolates were screened for antibiotic susceptibility using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and thereafter screened for the production of ESBLs. Identified isolates include: Klebsiella spp. (16), Acinetobacter spp. (3), Enterobacter spp. (9), Citrobacter spp. (2), Morganella spp. (1), Providencia spp. (1), Yersinia spp. (1), Serratia spp. (6), and Proteus spp. (1). Imipenem showed the highest activity against the Enterobacteriaceae isolates by 92.5% followed by gentamicin, ciprofloxacin , ceftazidime, then sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprim, amoxicillin clavulanate, tetracycline and amoxicillin had the least activity against the isolates by 17.5%.Twenty-one (21/40) multi-drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates showing resistance to ≥ 3 antibiotics were identified, and 15 (71.43%) were phenotypically confirmed as ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae with 10/15 (66.67%) being from Klebsiella spp, 26.67% belonging to the Enterobacter specie and 6.67% belonging to Serratia specie. A moderately high rate (37.50%) of ESBL producers were identified among the Enterobacteriaceae isolates screened. This study has revealed that there is a rising antibiotic resistance and increasing prevalence of ESBLs among the Enterobacteriaceae family, which is of public health concern. There is therefore the need for control strategies to be implemented in our hospital and community settings.

Heavy Metals Content in Selected Cream Marketed in Gusau Metropolis, Zamfara State, Nigeria, and Associated Health Risk

2025-08-25T20:57:35+00:00

In Nigeria, the use of beauty creams is a widespread practice. This research evaluates the levels of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) in five (5) different beauty cream brands commonly found in Gusau Metropolis, Zamfara State using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery (AAS). Estimated daily intake (EDI) as well as the health risk index (HRI) of these metals were also calculated to assess the dermal health risks associated with the use of the creams. The concentration of Ni (6.130±1.740 – 14.90±18.40 mg/kg was notably higher, while Pb (2.833±1.457 – 34.80±48.80 mg/kg) was lower in all samples compared to permissible limits in cosmetics (Pb: 10 mg/kg; and Ni: 0.6 mg/kg), except for brand E, which had an excessively high Pb concentration. There are currently no established limits for Zn in cosmetics. Prolonged use of these creams may lead to health risks due to toxic metal exposure through dermal route indicated by an HRI greater than 1 for all metals. Therefore, it is recommended that relevant authority such as NAFDAC and SON intensify monitoring of these toxins in beauty cream products manufactured or imported into Nigeria to safeguard public health, particularly for vulnerable groups like children and women.

Asymmetric Modeling of NairaYuan Exchange Rate with Structural Breaks

2025-09-18T09:23:49+00:00

This study investigates the impact of structural breaks on the Naira–Yuan askrate and assesses the stability and volatility (asymmetry) of the series using daily data spanning January 2015 to July 2025. Stationarity of the series was examined using the Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test, while symmetric models incorporating five structural breaks were employed to estimate the stabilized series and conditional variations in the Naira–Yuan exchange rate. Model performance was evaluated using model selection criteria. The study also provides an indepth discussion of exchange rate dynamics from the perspectives of persistence and leverage effects during the period under review. The results demonstrate that the Glosten–Jagannathan–Runkle GARCH (GJRARCH) model with five structural breaks outperforms earlier asymmetric models, achieving lower values for the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and standard error.