The Impact of Viroid-Induced Diseases: The Need for Vigilance in Nigeria Amid Climate Change

Abstract

Viroids are small, non-coding RNA pathogens that pose significant threats to global agriculture, affecting a wide range of economically-important crops. In Nigeria, the impact of viroid-induced diseases is a growing concern, particularly amid changing climatic conditions as there is virtually no any effort made to uncover the presence of vioroids. Viroids, such as Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), and Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), are globally distributed and have severe economic repercussions. Despite their widespread presence, there is a notable dearth of research on viroids in Nigeria, leaving the country's agricultural sector vulnerable. Viroids induce a variety of symptoms, including stunted growth, chlorosis, and fruit deformities, leading to significant yield losses. Transmission occurs through mechanical damage, vegetative propagation, seed transmission, and insect vectors. Effective management involves stringent phytosanitary measures; early detection through molecular techniques like RT-PCR, and regulatory controls to prevent spread. This review highlights the urgent need for increased research and vigilance in Nigeria to address the threats posed by viroids. Enhanced monitoring, early detection, and international collaboration are essential for developing comprehensive management strategies. Addressing these gaps is crucial for safeguarding Nigeria’s agricultural productivity and ensuring food security in the face of climate change.