Recent Advances in ZnO Nanoparticle-Enhanced Neem Biodiesel: A Review of Its Interfacial Properties

Abstract

Due to the growing demand in sustainable energy sources, the neem biodiesel has been seen as a promising nonedible alternative to conventional petroleum diesel. This review examined recent advances in the application of  nanoparticles for enhancing the interfacial properties of neem biodiesel. The reviewed literature demonstrates that nanoparticle incorporation has considerable potential to improve key fuel properties, including viscosity, flow behaviour, spray atomization and interfacial stability thereby enhancing biodiesel performance in energy and industrial applications. The review further revealed that, although numerous studies have investigated the use of metal oxide nanoparticle such as,   ,  and as catalysts and fuel additives, research specifically focusing on  nanoparticle remains limited. Existing studies primarily emphasize biodiesel production, engine performance, and emission characteristics, while comparatively little attention has been given to understanding how  nanoparticle influence the interfacial physics, and long team dispersion stability of neem biodiesel. These knowledge gaps restrict the wider adoption of nanoparticle enhanced biodiesel in advanced applications where physiochemical stability is essential.