An Assessment of Environmental Determinants of Tourism Sustainability in Kaduna Metropolis

Abstract

Tourism in Kaduna Metropolis is increasingly impacted by environmental challenges that threaten its growth and sustainability. This study assessed environmental factors affecting the sustainability of the tourism industry in Kaduna Metropolis. Data were acquired using a standardized questionnaire delivered to 367 respondents and key informant interviews with relevant stakeholders. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including regression and principal component analysis (PCA), while qualitative data were coded and reviewed with NVivo software. The results revealed that environmental factors exert a considerable influence on tourist behavior. Security and safety were the most decisive considerations, with 99.2% of respondents underlining their importance. Similarly, cleanliness, proper waste management, and absence of pollution influenced site choice, with over 85% agreement, while accessibility and infrastructure were also significant (88.1%). PCA confirmed three key clusters of factors: environmental–safety (security, pollution, climate, accessibility), natural endowments (scenic beauty, biodiversity), and cleanliness–waste management. Environmental issues inhibited tourism significantly: 39% of respondents were often deterred from visiting destinations owing to negative conditions, while 63.7% changed travel plans because of seasonal or environmental factors. Natural hazards had significantly stronger effects, with 91.8% saying that flooding, poor drainage, or pollution shaped their site preferences. Results of the regression analysis revealed inadequate site maintenance as the most critical challenge (Odds Ratios up to 2.77, p < 0.001), followed by flooding, deforestation, and climate variability. The study concluded that environmental quality directly influences the viability of tourism in Kaduna Metropolis. The study recommended increased policy enforcement, improved waste management and drainage infrastructure, biodiversity conservation, and active community participation to ensure long-term tourism growth and its contribution to economic development.